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Most of the medical
techniques described here require extremely advanced training, if not an
actual degree in medicine. It is not advised for the lay person to even
attempt most of the information presented. HOWEVER, if there is enough
interest in these topics (and provided I can find enough articles online),
this section may be broken up into component pages for greater detail.
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MD0064 - INTRODUCTION TO RADIOLOGY With the complexity and expense
of modern x-ray machines, and the potential risk to patients of incorrectly
performed procedures, technologists must have a working knowledge of
fundamental principles of anatomy, physiology, and radiation protection. In
addition, technologists must understand certain aspects of math, physics,
biology, computers, photographic processing, ethics and law, and much more.
As a consequence of the broad-ranging knowledge required of technologists,
the curriculum of schools of radiologic technology is very structured. This
subcourse examines not only some of the reasons for this complexity and
structure, but some of the important organizations involved in the
continuing education of students and credentialing of technologists and
training programs.
Dr. Quinn's Online Textbook of Otolaryngology:
Grand Rounds Archive - 1995 - Present.
See also
"Earlier Grand Rounds - 1989-95" Most of these are available as pdf,
doc, html text and/or slide shows. Great resource!
MD0353-ANESTHESIA APPARATUS One of the missions of the Army Medical
Department is to provide medical support to the combat soldier under field
conditions. Most clinical medical equipment is
not rugged enough to survive the field environment, so field medical
equipment was designed. The Ohmeda 885A Anesthesia Apparatus is a field
anesthesia unit which is rugged, portable, and self-contained. It is your
job to keep it operationally efficient. The material in this subcourse
covers the preventive maintenance checks and services (PMCS), routine
maintenance, calibration and verification, and repair procedures you use to
accomplish this task.
MD0362-DEFIBRILLATOR MONITOR In this subcourse, you will learn how
to service and repair the Medical Research Laboratories (MRL) Porta Pak 90
defibrillator/monitor. This system is an extremely portable, full-function
electrocardiograph (ECG) monitor/defibrillator. It can be used as an
emergency, bedside, office surgery, or 12-lead diagnostic ECG
monitor/recorder.
MD0841-PARASITOLOGY I Parasitic infection can greatly interfere with
a soldier's ability to complete his mission. The presence of parasites in a
soldier's system can not only interfere with his ability to function, but
also can make him susceptible to certain diseases. Since soldiers may serve
in most areas of the world, you must be able to identify parasites that are
found in the various parts of the globe. In your job as a medical laboratory
specialist, you will perform a variety of test procedures on samples taken
from humans. Some of these samples will include feces and tissue scrapings
used in the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic infection. Therefore, you
must be knowledgeable in several areas of parasitology. The knowledge you
will need is reflected in the two subcourses you are about to study.
Subcourses MD0841, Parasitology I, and MD0842, Parasitology II, address
areas of particular importance in parasitology. Subcourse MD0841,
Parasitology I, will give you a basic background in parasitology. An
overview of parasitology; safety and quality control in the parasitology
laboratory; taxonomy of parasites infecting humans; and microscopy are
presented in this subcourse.
MD0842-PARASITOLOGY II
The focus of this subcourse is the identification forms and life cycles
of parasites which infect humans. Organisms which will be discussed include
parasitic members of Phylum Protozoo, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, and
Acanthocephahelminthes. You will be provided with descriptions of the
general characteristics of the phylum and detailed illustrations of the
cycle forms of significant members of the phylum. This subcourse is the
second of two subcourses which discuss parasitology. In Parasitology I, an
overview of parasitology and information for the collection, preservation,
and processing of clinical specimens were presented. The material provided
in this subcourse will build on that information. It contains information
that will help you gain knowledge and skill in the identification of human
parasites. It does not attempt to cover parasitology in depth but is only
intended to guide you toward becoming competent in the field. For your
further learning a bibliography of supplemental sources of parasitology
information is included in Appendix B.
MD0845-IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING I Blood for transfusion is
a biologically active, therapeutic substance. It has specific effects on the
human organism and dosage requirements just as any other therapeutic
substance. Blood differs, however, from other biologicals in that it must be
obtained from healthy individuals of the human race. At our present state of
knowledge, human whole blood is a perishable substance, and being derived
from human beings, must be collected in thousands of widely spread
laboratories rather than being produced in a handful of qualified and well
regulated laboratories. The responsibilities of those who collect, process,
and issue whole blood for transfusion are tremendous. Subcourse MD0845,
Immunohematology and Blood Banking I, will give you a
basic background and provide you with information concerning blood
collection, processing, storage and shipment, and immunogenetics.
MD0846-IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING II Blood transfusion
attempts are recorded as far back as the 16th century. At first, animal
blood was transfused to humans. Later, human blood was used. However, facts
concerning the characteristics of even human blood were not known, and these
early transfusions frequently caused severe reactions, and often death. It
can be readily seen that immunohematology is a relatively new medical area,
if one stops to consider that Landsteiner discovered three of the four blood
groups in the ABO system in 1900. A year later the fourth blood group was
discovered, but it was not until 1937 that the Rh factor was discovered.
Since that time, tremendous strides have been made in the field of
hematology and blood banking. The safety of blood transfusion is directly
proportional to the knowledge, skill, and sense of responsibility of the
laboratory technicians. It is not sufficient to establish appropriate
procedures and techniques. Continuous instruction and training are required,
to assure highest quality and safety in performance of blood bank
procedures. That is why, in this subcourse, instruction is concerned with
immunohematology, the newborn, and blood transfusion for such.
MD0852-URINALYSIS Due in part to the development of multiple reagent
strips (dipstix) for urinalysis, more laboratory tests are now performed
each year on urine than on any other body fluid. A typical urinalysis
includes tests for glucose, protein, pH, ketone bodies, bilirubin, occult
(unseen) blood, urobilinogen, and specific gravity and microscopic
examination of urinary sediment. Many common abnormalities can be recognized
by urine studies. Urine tests are the method of choice to monitor the
treatment of diabetes. Urine is an excretion product, but it is usually
clean and sterile. Its chief components are urea, sodium chloride, and
water. The stench of stale urine is largely due to the decomposition of urea
to ammonia by bacteria. The odor of fresh urine is not unpleasant to most
persons. Urine is not a significant source of infection. The disagreeable
characteristics arising from decomposition can usually be avoided. This
subcourse will focus on the analysis of urine. The contents of the text will
present and discuss the topics outlined above. However, you should remember
that the subcourse is not intended to provide you with all that is known
about urinalysis. For this reason, you should read other texts and journals,
discuss the subcourse contents with your fellow workers and supervisors, and
search other sources of knowledge to expand your knowledge of this important
topic.
MD0355-PORTABLE VENTILATOR Most of the respirators and ventilators
available on the market are designed for use with adults and provide volumes
and pressures compatible with large, well developed lungs. When treating
respiratory problems in children and infants, these units are too powerful,
and it is difficult to adjust them for the volumes and pressures suitable
for small, weak, or malformed lungs. To treat infant respiratory distress
syndrome and other disorders in newborns, physicians needed a volume limited
positive/negative pressure ventilator. The Babybird 5900 Pediatric
Ventilator was developed to meet that need. Like any other pulmonary
assistance device, the Babybird demands careful preventive maintenance and
checks (PMCS) for accuracy and dependability.
Pharmacology
md0804-PHARMACOLOGY I A patient who visits a physician or physician
extender frequently receives a prescription for a medication. That
prescription is brought to the pharmacy to be filled. The patient expects
professional attention at the pharmacy. Part of that expectation involves
any caution or warning the patient should heed while taking the medication.
In your role you will serve as a source of drug information. Patients and
friends will ask you specific questions concerning the use of prescription
and over-the-counter medications. You must know the trade and generic names
of literally hundreds of medications. Furthermore, you must know the
cautions and warnings associated with many agents. How are you to know this
information about drugs? Certainly you have had instruction which presented
the basics of anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology. This instruction has
given you a sound foundation for learning more in these areas. This
subcourse will present instruction in anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology.
The material in anatomy and physiology is included to refresh your memory or
to give you additional information so you can better understand the
pharmacology material. This subcourse is not intended to be used as an
authoritative source of drug information. As you know, new drugs are
constantly being discovered and new uses for existing drugs are being found
through research. Therefore, you must rely upon this subcourse to review
concepts or to learn new information. You are then to use other sources (see
lesson 1 of this subcourse) to gain new information as it is discovered.
MD0805, Pharmacology II, is intended to give you a review of certain
essential anatomical and physiological concepts important to pharmacology
and to introduce six categories of drugs. The review of anatomy and
physiology should help you gain a better understanding of how the drugs work
in the body and how they produce the side effects that are commonly
associated with their use. Remember that this subcourse is not intended to
be used as an authoritative source of drug information. New drugs are being
discovered and new uses for existing drugs are being found through research.
Therefore, you should rely on this subcourse to review concepts or to learn
new information. You should then use other sources (see MD0804, Pharmacology
I--Lesson 1) to gain additional information which will help you to do your
job in a better way.
md0806-PHARMACOLOGY III Drugs that act upon the respiratory system,
cardiovascular system, or urinary system are frequently dispensed in both
military and civilian pharmacies. This is because conditions that affect
these systems (that is, hypertension affecting the cardiovascular system)
affect many people. Consequently, it is imperative that you have an
understanding of these systems and the drugs that act on them. As with
MD0804, Pharmacology I, and MD0805, Pharmacology II, anatomy, physiology,
and pharmacology are presented in a combined perspective in this subcourse.
This is done in order to help you to understand and remember the actions,
uses, side effects, and patient warnings associated with the drugs included
in the lessons. You should remember that this subcourse is not intended to
replace accepted references in anatomy, physiology, or pharmacology.
Instead, it is designed to help you gain a background in these areas so that
you may continue learning in a self-directed manner. You are encouraged to
read pertinent journals, study pharmacology texts, and talk to fellow
health-care professionals in order to learn more about the topics presented
in this subcourse.
MD0807-PHARMACOLOGY IV In this subcourse, MD0807, other systems of
the body (for example, the digestive system) and the drugs used to treat
conditions of those systems will be discussed. As
in the other pharmacology subcourses, you will be provided background
material in anatomy, physiology, and pathology in order to help you learn
about the specific drugs discussed in the subcourse. Remember, this
subcourse is not intended to be used as an authoritative source of drug
information. As you know, new drugs are being discovered and new uses for
existing drugs are being found through research. Therefore, this subcourse
can serve as a means for your review or initial learning of pharmacological
concepts. You are strongly encouraged to use other references (see MD0804,
Pharmacology I) to gain additional information which will help you to do
your job in a better way. Knowing more about pharmacology can help you to
better serve your patients.
md0170-ARTHROPOD IDENTIFICATION AND SURVEYS II Each year, advances
in modern technology and research reduce the incidence of disease in humans.
Disease is still a problem, however, in many areas of the world, principally
in underdeveloped countries. Arthropods play an active role in this problem
as they are the primary vectors of disease. In many cases, the success of
disease eradication depends upon a knowledge of the arthropod vector. It is
imperative, then, that those individuals dealing with arthropod-borne
diseases be able to identify medically important arthropods. Neither survey,
collection, nor control programs can possibly be effective unless an
individual knows what to look for and where to find it. The preventive
medicine specialist, therefore, must be familiar with the bionomics
(biology, behavior, and ecology) of a wide range of arthropod pests. A
knowledge of the habits and habitats of medically important arthropods is a
necessary basis for further entomological work. The objective of this
subcourse is to provide the foundation required to develop field competence
in medical entomology. Use of this information properly wiII assure success
in survey, collection, and control of medically important arthropods.
md0171-ARTHROPOD CONTROL Arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical
animals that have an exoskeleton and have jointed appendages. They comprise
the largest group of animals in the world. However, the importance of this
group of animals is not necessarily due to its size, but the diversity that
exists among the many species. Because of this great diversity in structure
and function, representatives of the arthropod world have been able to live
in almost any environment found in the world and have been able to utilize a
variety of items as sources of food. Unfortunately, some of these sources of
food are often ornamental and food crops, livestock, pets, homes, and even
humans. The potential problems are further complicated when we consider that
arthropods may be carriers of diseases and may, themselves, be noxious due
to irritating substances they produce or the venom they inject. The purpose
of this subcourse is to instruct you in preventive and remedial control
measures that you may employ to avoid, reduce, or eliminate the harmful
effects of arthropods.
MD0172-RODENT BIOLOGY, SURVEY, AND CONTROL In order that we be
prepared to handle rodent problems, we must first know something of the
rodent's biology. It is the objective of this subcourse to provide the
knowledge necessary to identify the murine rodents of military importance,
survey to determine the degree of infestation, and control the rodent
population in a given area.
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