Emergency Situations at School

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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR SCHOOLS NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on building or retrofitting schools to withstand natural disasters and terrorism, developing emergency preparedness plans, and using school buildings to shelter community members during emergencies.

Gangs and Victimization at School National Center for Education Statistics, 1995

Addressing School Related Crime and Disorder Office of Community Oriented Policing, 2001

Approaches to Assessing Violence Among Youth Hamilton Fish Institute, 1999

Teaching Students To Be Peacemakers: Results of Twelve Years of Research Cooperative Learning Center, 2000 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

Addressing Bullying in Schools: Theory and Practice Australian Institute of Criminology, 2003 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

Addressing the Problem of Juvenile Bullying Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2001

Bullying and Sexual Harassment in Schools Committee for Children, 1999

Predictors of Youth Violence Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2000

Safe Schools: Early Warning Signs Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, 2001[Link recovered 6/27/11]

The School Shooter: A Threat Assessment Perspective Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2000 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

After-School Programs Aid Academic Success, Provide Safe Havens for Children National Association of Elementary School Principals, 2001

Best Practices of Youth Violence Prevention: A Sourcebook for Community Action National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2000 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

A Blueprint for Safe Schools Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, 2001 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

How Students Can Avoid School Victimization Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, 2001 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

A Practical Guide for Crisis Response in Our Schools, 5th Edition American Academy of Experts of Traumatic Stress, 2002

Preventing School Shootings: A Summary of a U.S. Secret Service School Initiative Report National Institute of Justice, 2002

Safeguarding Schools Against Terror National School Safety Center, 2004

Stand Up and Start a School Crime Watch! Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1999

Warning Signs: A Violence Prevention Guide for Youth MTV and the American Psychological Association, 1999 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

Hatred in the Hallways Human Rights Watch, 2001

School House Hype: The Shootings, and the Real Risk Kids Face in America Justice Policy Institute, 1999 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

School House Hype: Two Years Later Justice Policy Institute, 2000 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

The School Shooter: One Community's Perspective Law Enforcement Bulletin, September 2001 [Link recovered 6/27/11]

Talking With Kids About Tough Issues: A National Survey of Parents and Kids The Kaiser Foundation/Children Now, 1999

Weapon Carrying, Gun Carrying, and Fighting Among U.S. High School Students Hamilton Fish Institute, 1999

The School Safety Profiler The School Safety Profiler is a free tool that measures the perceived safety of a school to help reduce or prevent violence. The Profiler is designed to help meet needs assessment requirements for school safety funds and assist in the creation of a positive school environment.

Bullying.org The Bullying.org Web site helps children deal with the issues of bullying and teasing.

School Violence Resource Center The School Violence Resource Center strives to reduce violence and related behavior in the Nation's schools by developing and delivering school violence curriculums and researching and evaluating school violence data.

How Schools Can Become More Disaster Resistant. Resources for Parents and Teachers. (Federal Emergency Management Agency , 2005)FEMA recommends the following actions for all school officials: 1) Identify hazards likely to happen to your schools; 2) Mitigate against the hazards; 3) Develop a response plan, including evacuation route; 4) Plan for coping after a disaster; and 5) Implement drills and family education.

Multi-Hazard Emergency Planning for Schools [Online Study Course] (Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, Washington, D.C. , Apr 2004)This on-line, independent study course will help educators and first responders develop effective emergency operations plans for the wide array of potential emergencies that schools face. The course describes emergency management operations, roles and duties; explains how to assess potential hazards that schools may face; and explains how to develop and test an Emergency Operations Plan that addresses all potential hazards.

The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools - This report, released by the Department of Justice in September, 1999, is a guide to help school administrators and their colleagues in law enforcement analyze a school's vulnerability to violence, theft, and vandalism, and research possible technologies to effectively address these problems.

Managing School Emergencies (Australian) The Department’s Emergency & Security Management Branch have developed a comprehensive guide to preparing for emergencies, developing school emergency management plans, and managing school emergencies. [Link recovered 6/27/11]

School Emergencies Flipchart The School Emergencies Flipchart can be changed to meet the specific needs of your school. Simply add to or delete portions of the flipchart to best serve your school's situations. [Link recovered 6/27/11]

The Preparedness of Schools to Respond to Emergencies in Children: A National Survey of School Nurses: Objectives. Because children spend a significant proportion of their day in school, pediatric emergencies such as the exacerbation of medical conditions, behavioral crises, and accidental/intentional injuries are likely to occur. Recently, both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association have published guidelines stressing the need for school leaders to establish emergency-response plans to deal with life-threatening medical emergencies in children.

Practical Information on Crisis Planning: A Guide for Schools and Communities: [PDF] The U.S. Department of Education has developed a guide to provide schools and communities with basic guidelines and useful ideas on how to develop emergency response and crisis management plans.

Campus Public Safety: Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism Protective Measures The Office for Domestic Preparedness, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, has published a series of suggestions to guide and inform public safety planning efforts to prevent, deter or effectively respond to a weapons of mass destruction terrorist attack on college campuses.

The Safe School Initiative - A Guide to Managing Threatening Situations and to Creating Safe School Climates and Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School attacks in the United States The U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Secret Service collaborated to produce two reports that outline a process for identifying, assessing, and managing students who may pose a threat of targeted violence in schools as well as ideas for creating safe school climates. School personnel, law enforcement officials, and others intend these guides for use with protective responsibilities in our Nation's schools.

Project SERV: School Emergency Response to Violence Project SERV provides education-related services to school districts where the learning environment has been disrupted due to a violent or traumatic crisis. Funds may be used to assist schools facing an undue financial hardship in providing extraordinary services due to an event that has had a traumatic affect on the learning environment.

OECD Program on Educational Building (PEB) and Geohazards International (GHI) Ad Hoc Experts' Group Meeting on Earthquake Safety in Schools: [PDF] Recommendations. (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France , Feb 2004) Lists the guiding principles and major elements for recommended mandatory school seismic safety programs. The major elements described are community awareness and participation, building codes and code enforcement, risk reduction for new and existing facilities, proper training for building professionals, and disaster preparedness. 10p.

Bomb Threat Response: An Interactive Planning Tool For Schools [CD-ROM] (U.S. Department of Education Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools; U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Washington, D.C. , 2004) This program will help school administrators and state and local public safety officials better prepare for bomb threats against the nation’s schools. The topics of the program include: Understanding Bomb Threats; Prevention; Planning; Bomb Threat Response; Explosion Response; Follow-up; Training Aids; and Implementation. The educational program delivers content via a CD-ROM, a supporting Web site, and quick-reference cards that allow school administrators to develop a plan customized to their individual school

Bombs and School Security: Are Your Schools Prepared for Bomb Threats and Bombs? (National School Safety and Security Services, 2004) High-profile school violence cases and other national incidents, along with easy access to formulas for homemade bombs on the Internet, have contributed to the growth of bomb threats, suspicious devices, and homemade bombs in schools, on school grounds, and on school buses. This discusses how to handle bomb threats and suspicious devices. 2p.

Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds. (Federal Emergency Management Administration, Washington , Jan 2004) Provides design guidance for the protection of school buildings and their occupants against natural hazards, concentrating on K-12 facilities. The focus is on the design of new schools, but the repair, renovation and extension of existing schools, as well as the economic losses and social disruption caused by damage from these three hazards is also addressed. Two core concepts emphasized are multi-hazard design, where the characteristics of hazards and how they interact are considered together with all other design demands, and performance-based design, where the specific concerns of building owners and occupants a considered over and above what is covered in the building code. Chapters 1-3 present issues common to all hazards. Chapters 4-6 cover risk management for each of the three specific hazards of the title. 361p.

Campus Public Safety: Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism Protective Measures. (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office for Domestic Preparedness, Washington, D.C. , Apr 2003) This presents steps to take to prevent, deter or effectively respond to a weapons of mass destruction terrorist attack on a college or university campus. These steps may be calibrated to local, state or national alert levels. The suggestions are offered only to guide and inform public safety planning efforts. They are not intended to be exhaustive, or to supercede federal, state, local or campus statutes, regulations or policies. 3p.

Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks. [PDF] (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in collaboration with a working group at the Department of Homeland Security , Apr 2003) This document discusses air-filtration and air-cleaning issues associated with protecting building environments from an airborne chemical, biological, or radiological (CBR) attack. It provides information about issues that should be considered when assessing, installing, and upgrading filtration systems. It is intended to provide guidance regarding measures that may be taken to prepare for a potential CBR attack, rather than in response to an actual CBR event. The intended audience includes those who are responsible for making the technical decisions to improve filtration in public, private, and governmental buildings, such as schools. 78p.

The Delivery: A Case Study in Bioterrorism Preparedness. [PDF] Cosh, Judith; Davis, Kim; Fullwood, Angela; Lippek, Maryann; Middleton, Jill Mar 2003 This paper describes a bioterrorism incident at a Connecticut elementary school. Flowers sent to a teacher were permeated with anthrax spores that infected the teacher, 12 of her students, 3 office staff members, and an administrator. The teacher subsequently died. The Connecticut Department of Public Health confirmed that the students and staff had been exposed to anthrax. After describing the incident, the paper details the various procedures and plans created conjointly by district and school administrators, teachers, parents, community members, and officials from the local health department, police department, fire department, and medical community. The district looked to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for guidance. The plans included steps to prevent bioterrorism attacks; an update of the school’s and district’s crisis-management plan; a training program for all personnel, including part-time staff, substitute teaches, volunteers, and district office staff; the installation of a crisis team coordinator at each school in the district; and the creation of guidelines for helping children, and the community, cope with the aftereffects of a crisis.

Structural Design for External Terrorist Bomb Attacks. [PDF] Schmidt, Jon A. (Structure Magazine, Reedsburg, WI , Mar 2003) This article summarizes the methods available to define an external terrorist bomb threat and estimate structural design loads and element responses using simple dynamic system models and principles. By maximizing standoff distances and hardening key elements, designers can give building occupants a reasonable chance of escaping death and serious injury during an event. 5p.

Crisis Communications Guide and Toolkit. (National Education Association, Washington, DC, 2003) This web-based guide and toolkit were developed to help schools respond to both human and natural disasters. Included are tips, resources, ideas, and examples. The kit is divided into four sections that discuss: 1) being prepared before a crisis, 2) being responsive during a crisis, 3) being diligent in moving beyond crisis, and 4) hands-on assistance tools for educators. A bibliography and index are provided.

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